Month: November 2024

Haemorrhoids are swollen veins in the rectal and anal areas that can cause discomfort, itching, and pain, particularly during bowel movements. They are a common condition that may develop due to increased pressure on the veins, often from straining during bowel movements, pregnancy, or prolonged sitting. Haemorrhoids can be internal (inside the rectum) or external (under the skin around the anus), and symptoms vary from mild irritation to significant pain and bleeding.

This article provides an overview of treatment options for haemorrhoids, covering non-surgical, surgical, and lifestyle-based approaches to help individuals effectively manage symptoms, reduce discomfort, and prevent recurrence.

Treatment Options for Haemorrhoids

There are several treatments for haemorrhoids, ranging from non-surgical methods for mild cases to surgical options for more severe cases. The primary goals of treatment are usually to alleviate symptoms, shrink haemorrhoids, and prevent recurrence.

Non-Surgical Treatment

Non-surgical treatments are often recommended for mild to moderate haemorrhoids. These approaches aim to relieve symptoms and, in some cases, may eliminate haemorrhoids without surgery. Common non-surgical options include:

Topical Treatment

Creams, ointments and suppositories can help reduce inflammation, itching, and pain. These treatments are especially effective for mild haemorrhoids and are applied directly to the affected area to provide local relief while the haemorrhoids heal.

Medication

Medications can help manage haemorrhoid symptoms, particularly when topical treatments are insufficient. Several medications are commonly used to treat haemorrhoids, including:

Vasoconstrictors: These are oral medications that narrow blood vessels, reducing the size of haemorrhoids and relieving discomfort. They are generally prescribed for smaller haemorrhoids when topical options are inadequate.

Pain Relievers: Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as paracetamol or ibuprofen, help manage the discomfort associated with haemorrhoids. Although effective for temporary relief, prolonged use should be monitored by a healthcare provider.

Antibiotics: If a haemorrhoid becomes infected, antibiotics may be prescribed to treat the infection and reduce inflammation.

Stool Softeners: Stool softeners can ease bowel movements, reducing the strain that can worsen haemorrhoids. These are particularly useful in preventing irritation during recovery.

Rubber Band Ligation

This minimally invasive procedure, typically used for internal haemorrhoids, involves placing a small rubber band around the base of the haemorrhoid to cut off its blood supply. Over a few days, the haemorrhoid gradually shrinks and falls, providing symptom relief without requiring surgery. Rubber band ligation is typically recommended for moderate internal haemorrhoids that have not responded to topical treatments or medication.

Surgical Treatment

Surgical intervention is recommended when non-surgical methods are ineffective or if haemorrhoids are large, prolapsed, or causing significant discomfort and bleeding. Surgery provides longer-term relief by removing or reducing the haemorrhoids.

Haemorrhoidectomy

This procedure involves the complete removal of the haemorrhoid and is typically recommended for large or prolapsed haemorrhoids that have not responded to less invasive treatments. Haemorrhoidectomy is effective for severe cases, though it may require a longer recovery period and involve some post-operative discomfort.

Stapled Haemorrhoidopexy

Primarily used for internal haemorrhoids, stapled haemorrhoidopexy involves repositioning the haemorrhoids back into their normal position inside the rectum and cutting off their blood supply, which causes them to shrink. This technique typically results in less pain and a faster recovery than traditional haemorrhoidectomy, making it suitable for treating prolapsed internal haemorrhoids.

Laser Haemorrhoid Surgery

This minimally invasive procedure uses a laser to shrink or remove haemorrhoids by sealing the tissue as it cuts. This reduces bleeding and post-operative pain, allowing for quicker recovery and less discomfort compared to other surgical methods. Laser surgery can treat both internal and external haemorrhoids effectively.

Managing Haemorrhoid Symptoms

Simple dietary and lifestyle changes can significantly help in managing haemorrhoid symptoms and reducing recurrence. Increasing fibre intake through fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes softens stools and reduces the need for straining, while fibre supplements and hydration further support digestion. 

Regular physical activity, such as walking or swimming, promotes bowel health and circulation, helping to prevent constipation. Managing stress through mindfulness or yoga can improve digestion and reduce symptom aggravation. Additionally, avoiding prolonged sitting, quitting smoking, and limiting alcohol intake can relieve rectal pressure and support overall digestive health.

Conclusion

While haemorrhoids can cause considerable discomfort, a range of treatment options is available to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life. Non-surgical approaches often provide adequate relief, while surgical procedures are available for more persistent or severe cases, offering lasting symptom management. 

Schedule a consultation today to determine the most effective treatment plan for your specific needs.

Lower abdominal pain, located below the belly button, is a frequent symptom with various possible causes, often linked to the gastrointestinal, urinary, or reproductive systems. The pain can range from mild to severe, sometimes requiring prompt diagnosis and intervention to address underlying conditions. This guide examines the symptoms, common causes, and treatment options associated with lower abdominal pain.

Common Symptoms of Lower Abdominal Pain

Lower abdominal pain can present differently depending on its cause and severity. Common symptoms include:

Sharp or Cramping Pain: The pain may feel dull, sharp, or cramping and can spread to areas such as the back, sides, or groin.

Bloating and Distension: A sensation of fullness or visible swelling, often linked to gastrointestinal issues, may accompany the pain.

Changes in Bowel Habits: Diarrhoea, constipation, or sudden stool changes may indicate digestive problems.

Urinary Symptoms: Painful urination, frequent urges, or discoloured urine are often signs of urinary tract infections (UTIs) or kidney stones.

Nausea and Vomiting: These symptoms may arise due to infections, obstructions, or inflammation in the abdominal region.

Fever: A high temperature can indicate inflammation or infection, such as in appendicitis or diverticulitis.

Potential Causes of Lower Abdominal Pain

Lower abdominal pain may stem from a variety of conditions affecting the gastrointestinal, urinary, or reproductive systems. Common causes include:

Appendicitis: Inflammation of the appendix due to blockage or infection, often causing acute lower right abdominal pain. This condition typically requires emergency surgery.

Gastroenteritis: Viral or bacterial infections leading to stomach and intestinal inflammation can cause cramping pain, diarrhoea, nausea, and vomiting.

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): UTIs often present with abdominal pain, painful urination, and frequent urges, commonly triggered by bacteria.

Kidney Stones: Sharp pain in the lower abdomen may occur as stones pass through the urinary tract, often linked to insufficient hydration or high dietary sodium.

Ovarian Cysts: In women, ovarian cysts can cause sudden pain if they rupture or grow large, often linked to hormonal imbalances.

Testicular Torsion: In men, this involves twisting of the spermatic cord, cutting off blood flow and causing severe pain in the lower abdomen and groin.

Conditions Linked to Lower Abdominal Pain

Conditions affecting the colon or rectum are frequent sources of lower abdominal pain, particularly when inflammation, obstruction, or other disruptions occur.

Colorectal Cancer

Early-stage colorectal tumours may be asymptomatic, but as they enlarge, they can cause persistent lower abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits that worsen over time. 

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

IBD can cause significant inflammation throughout the digestive tract, leading to severe abdominal pain, chronic diarrhoea, and malabsorption issues that affect overall nutrition. 

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

IBS symptoms typically follow a pattern of recurring abdominal pain associated with changes in bowel movements, with many patients reporting worse symptoms during periods of stress or after consuming certain trigger foods.

Diverticular Disease

This includes both diverticulitis and diverticulosis. Diverticulitis causes acute pain when small pouches in the colon wall become infected or inflamed. Chronic diverticulosis can lead to ongoing digestive issues and complications such as bleeding, perforation, or fistula formation if left untreated.

Diagnostic Methods

The evaluation of lower abdominal pain typically involves a combination of clinical assessment, imaging, and laboratory tests to determine the underlying cause.

Physical Examination

During a physical exam, doctors check the abdomen by pressing different areas to locate pain points and identify any unusual masses or swelling. They perform specialised tests like checking for rebound tenderness (pain that worsens when pressure is suddenly released) and assess the abdomen’s appearance for signs like distension or asymmetry.

Laboratory Tests

Blood tests measure white blood cell counts to detect infection, haemoglobin levels to check for anaemia, and inflammatory markers that may suggest conditions like IBD or diverticulitis. Urine analysis helps identify kidney stones, UTIs, or other urinary tract problems through examination of factors like bacteria presence.

Imaging Studies

Ultrasound generates real-time images using sound waves and is especially useful for examining organs such as the appendix, ovaries, and gallbladder. CT scanning provides detailed cross-sectional views of the entire abdomen and pelvis, allowing doctors to diagnose conditions such as bowel obstruction, inflammation, and abscesses.

Endoscopic Procedures

A colonoscopy enables direct visualisation of the entire colon using a flexible scope with a camera, allowing doctors to spot abnormalities like polyps, tumours, or inflammatory changes. Sigmoidoscopy examines the lower portion of the colon and rectum, with both procedures offering the ability to collect tissue samples during examination for accurate diagnosis.

Treatment Options

Management of lower abdominal pain depends on the specific cause and may involve non-surgical or surgical approaches.

Non-Surgical Treatment

Lifestyle Modifications
Dietary adjustments, such as incorporating more fibre, can improve bowel function and reduce the frequency of symptoms in conditions like IBS or diverticular disease. Adequate hydration prevents issues like constipation and kidney stones, while regular exercise supports overall digestive and urinary health. Avoiding known trigger foods, such as spicy or fatty meals, may also help prevent symptom flare-ups.

Medications
Antibiotics are prescribed to eliminate bacterial infections like UTIs or diverticulitis and often provide quick symptom relief. For chronic conditions like IBD, anti-inflammatory medications or immunosuppressants may be used to control inflammation and prevent flare-ups. Pain relievers and antispasmodic drugs are commonly given to manage discomfort and reduce cramping in functional gastrointestinal disorders like IBS.

Surgical Treatment

Appendectomy
An appendectomy is performed to remove an inflamed appendix, a common emergency surgery to prevent rupture or infection. Laparoscopic methods are widely used, involving small incisions that result in less scarring and faster recovery. Early intervention is key, as delaying surgery can lead to complications like peritonitis or abscess formation.

Polypectomy
This minimally invasive procedure removes polyps during a colonoscopy, helping to prevent the development of colorectal cancer. It is typically quick and performed on an outpatient basis, with patients resuming normal activities soon after. If the polyps are found to be precancerous, timely removal reduces the risk of further progression.

Bowel Resection
A bowel resection involves surgically removing a diseased portion of the bowel, which is then reconnected to restore normal function. This procedure is often necessary for conditions like advanced diverticulitis, colorectal cancer, or severe IBD that do not respond to other treatments. 

Colostomy or Ileostomy
In cases where the bowel cannot be reconnected, a colostomy or ileostomy is performed, diverting waste to an external bag through an abdominal opening. This procedure is often temporary, but in some cases, it may be permanent depending on the severity of the condition. 

Prevention of Colorectal Disorders

Prevention of colorectal disorders focuses on lifestyle choices and regular screening. A diet high in fibre and low in processed meats, combined with regular exercise and proper hydration, helps maintain digestive health. Regular colonoscopy screenings starting at age 45, avoiding smoking, and limiting alcohol are also key preventive measures, with earlier screenings recommended for those with a family history of colorectal issues.

Conclusion

Lower abdominal pain can result from various conditions, ranging from minor to serious. Accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment are necessary for managing symptoms and addressing underlying causes. Preventative measures, particularly for colorectal-related issues, can help maintain long-term digestive health.

If you are experiencing persistent lower abdominal pain or severe symptoms, schedule a consultation today to ensure a proper evaluation and diagnosis.

Colon cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the large intestine, specifically in the colon. This form of cancer poses a serious health risk because it can spread to other parts of the body if not treated early. Recognising the risk factors, symptoms, and available treatments is necessary for early detection and effective management. This guide provides a comprehensive overview to help readers make informed health decisions and encourage proactive steps toward early diagnosis and treatment.

Risk Factors for Colon Cancer

Age

Colon cancer is more common in individuals over the age of 50, though it can occur at younger ages. Ageing increases the likelihood of cellular mutations, which can lead to cancer development. 

Family History

Having a close family member with colon cancer (such as a parent or sibling) can increase one’s risk due to shared genetics and environmental factors. Even a history of other cancers in the family may elevate risk, as certain genetic mutations predispose individuals to multiple types of cancer.

Genetic Predisposition

Some inherited conditions, such as Lynch syndrome or familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), are known to increase the risk of colon cancer significantly.

Lifestyle Factors

Diets high in red or processed meats, low fibre intake, and lifestyle habits like smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and physical inactivity have all been linked to an increased risk of colon cancer.

Other Medical Conditions

Chronic inflammatory bowel conditions, such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, increase the risk of cancerous changes in the colon over time. Prolonged inflammation can lead to cellular changes that raise the likelihood of developing cancer.

Symptoms of Colon Cancer

Changes in Bowel Habits

Persistent diarrhoea, constipation, or an ongoing feeling of incomplete bowel emptying are common symptoms of colon cancer. If these changes last several days or become routine, they should be investigated further.

Blood in Stool

Blood may appear in stools as dark or bright red and could signal bleeding within the digestive tract. This symptom is particularly concerning when it occurs frequently or is accompanied by other digestive changes.

Abdominal Pain or Discomfort

Cramping, bloating, gas, or general discomfort in the abdomen, especially if persistent, may indicate colon abnormalities. While many common conditions cause these symptoms, prolonged or severe pain requires medical attention to rule out serious causes.

Unexplained Weight Loss

Losing weight without any clear reason (such as changes in diet or exercise) could indicate a health issue, including colon cancer. This symptom often occurs when the body is affected by disease, as it diverts energy and resources, leading to weight loss.

Fatigue

Ongoing fatigue may result from anaemia, often due to slow, chronic blood loss in the stool. This tiredness can become more severe as the disease progresses, affecting daily activities and overall quality of life.

Types of Colon Cancer

Colon cancer can be classified into several types, each differing in origin and response to treatment. These variations affect growth patterns and influence treatment approaches.

Adenocarcinoma

The most common type of colon cancer, adenocarcinoma, originates in the glandular cells lining the colon. The majority of colon cancers fall under this category.

Carcinoid Tumors

These rare tumours develop from hormone-producing cells in the colon. Carcinoid tumours typically grow slowly and may remain undetected until they reach a more advanced stage.

Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs)

GISTs arise from specific cells in the digestive tract and are rare in the colon. They can vary in growth behaviour and may either stay localised or spread to other parts of the body.

Lymphoma

Lymphoma in the colon begins in immune cells and is uncommon. It often presents at later stages with symptoms similar to other types of colon cancer.

Screening and Diagnosis Options

Colonoscopy

Colonoscopy is the primary method for screening and diagnosing colon cancer. During the procedure, a flexible tube with a camera is used to view the colon’s inner lining and identify any abnormal growths. If necessary, tissue samples (biopsies) can be collected and analysed, making this a comprehensive diagnostic tool.

Stool Tests

Tests such as the faecal immunochemical test (FIT) detect hidden blood in the stool, which may indicate polyps (small growths) or cancer. These tests are non-invasive and can be done at home, offering a convenient screening option for those at average risk.

CT Colonography

Also called virtual colonoscopy, this imaging test uses computed tomography (CT) to create images of the colon and rectum, allowing doctors to examine the colon without invasive tools. It is typically recommended for those unable to undergo a traditional colonoscopy.

If any abnormalities are found during initial screening, further diagnostic procedures, such as a biopsy, can confirm whether cancer is present. Additional imaging tests, including MRI and PET scans, help determine the extent of cancer, which is necessary for treatment planning.

Treatment Options for Colon Cancer

Treatment options for colon cancer are determined by the stage of the cancer and the individual’s overall health. A combination of therapies may be used to address the cancer effectively. Common treatments include:

Colectomy

This procedure involves removing a portion or all of the colon that contains the cancer. It can be done through open surgery or minimally invasive (laparoscopic) techniques, with the latter allowing for faster recovery and smaller incisions.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy involves using drugs to destroy cancer cells, often recommended for advanced cases or as follow-up treatment after surgery to reduce recurrence risks. While chemotherapy is effective, it may lead to side effects such as nausea and fatigue, which can be managed with supportive care.

Radiation Therapy

This treatment uses high-energy rays to target cancer cells. Although less commonly used for colon cancer, radiation therapy may be applied in specific cases, particularly to shrink tumours in preparation for surgery.

Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy

These therapies are primarily for advanced or metastatic colon cancer. Targeted therapy drugs attack specific molecules within cancer cells, while immunotherapy helps the body’s immune system recognise and destroy cancer cells. They offer additional treatment options when other methods are less effective.

Living with Colon Cancer

Living with colon cancer involves coping with treatment effects and adjusting to lifestyle changes. Common side effects, such as fatigue and digestive changes, may require lifestyle adaptations. A balanced diet, regular physical activity, and mental health support, such as counselling or support groups, can improve quality of life. Regular follow-up appointments are necessary to monitor health and address ongoing symptoms or concerns.

Preventive Measures and Lifestyle Modifications

While not all cases of colon cancer are preventable, adopting healthy lifestyle habits may reduce the risk. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains with a limited intake of red and processed meats supports colon health. Regular exercise, avoiding smoking, and limiting alcohol intake are also beneficial. Regular screenings are advised for individuals over 50 or those with a family history of colon cancer.

Conclusion

Colon cancer is a serious condition that benefits from early detection, prompt treatment, and ongoing management. Recognising your risk factors and symptoms, and staying informed about screening options can significantly impact outcomes. Maintaining a proactive approach through lifestyle modifications and regular check-ups can also help in prevention and early intervention.

If you are at risk or experiencing symptoms, schedule an appointment today to discuss screening and prevention strategies tailored to you.

Blood in the stool and diarrhoea are common symptoms that can indicate a variety of colorectal conditions. These symptoms may result from minor issues, like haemorrhoids, or more serious conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or colorectal cancer. Recognising potential causes is necessary for timely diagnosis and treatment, as some conditions necessitate immediate medical care. This guide outlines the most common colorectal causes of blood in stool and diarrhoea to help patients know when to seek professional advice.

Why Blood in Stool and Diarrhoea Occur Together

Blood in stool and diarrhoea often co-occur when there is inflammation, infection, or damage to the colon or rectal tissues. Inflammatory processes, such as those seen in IBD, can irritate and damage the colon’s lining, leading to diarrhoea and bleeding. Infections that irritate the colon may also cause both symptoms. Recognising the connection between these symptoms helps explain why they are commonly seen together.

Common Causes of Blood in Stool and Diarrhoea

Haemorrhoids

Haemorrhoids are swollen blood vessels in the rectum or anus that can cause bright red blood in the stool, often due to straining or prolonged sitting. While haemorrhoids themselves do not typically cause diarrhoea, irritation from the swollen blood vessels may affect bowel habits. Bleeding from haemorrhoids usually appears as small streaks of blood on toilet paper or stool.

Anal Fissures

Anal fissures are small tears in the anus lining, often caused by passing hard or large stools, frequent diarrhoea, or chronic constipation. These tears can lead to bright red blood in the stool and pain during bowel movements. Although anal fissures do not directly cause diarrhoea, irritation from a fissure may contribute to looser stools as the body tries to avoid discomfort.

Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis

Diverticulosis involves the formation of small pouches (diverticula) in the colon wall. If these pouches become inflamed or infected, a condition known as diverticulitis develops, which can cause bleeding and diarrhoea along with abdominal pain and fever. Bleeding from diverticular disease is often darker and may appear mixed with stool.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

IBD, which includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, causes chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Crohn’s disease can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, while ulcerative colitis mainly affects the colon and rectum. Inflammation can lead to diarrhoea and blood in the stool, often with additional symptoms such as abdominal pain, weight loss, and fatigue.

Colorectal Polyps and Cancer

Colorectal polyps are abnormal growths in the colon or rectum lining. While most polyps are benign, some may develop into cancer. Both polyps and colorectal cancer can cause bleeding, and cancer can also lead to changes in bowel habits, including diarrhoea or constipation. 

Infectious Colitis

Infectious colitis is inflammation of the colon caused by bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections. Common pathogens include Salmonella, E. coli, and Shigella. Infections irritate the colon lining, leading to diarrhoea with blood or mucus, along with symptoms such as abdominal cramps, fever, and dehydration. 

Diagnostic Methods

To determine the cause of blood in stool and diarrhoea, a specialist will use a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests:

Physical Examination

The specialist often begins with a physical examination to identify any visible causes of blood in stool, such as haemorrhoids or anal fissures, which are common sources of rectal bleeding. This initial step helps rule out or confirm some external causes of bleeding and can provide valuable information for further testing.

Colonoscopy

A colonoscopy allows the specialist to examine the entire colon and rectum in detail using a flexible tube with a camera. During the procedure, the specialist can look for conditions such as polyps, diverticulosis, inflammatory lesions, and signs of colorectal cancer. If any suspicious areas are found, the specialist may take biopsies (small tissue samples) to send for laboratory analysis, which helps in confirming a diagnosis.

Imaging Tests

Imaging tests, such as CT scans or MRI, provide detailed images of the colon and surrounding abdominal structures. These tests are especially useful when conditions like diverticulitis, colorectal cancer, or other structural complications are suspected. A CT scan can show inflammation, abscesses, and other changes in the colon, while an MRI provides high-resolution images that can help in assessing tumour involvement and spread in cancer cases. 

Laboratory Tests

Blood tests may check for anaemia, which can result from chronic blood loss, while stool tests can identify pathogens in cases of infectious colitis. Stool samples may also be analysed for signs of inflammation or occult (hidden) blood, which can aid in diagnosis.

Treatment Options

Non-Surgical Approaches

For many colorectal conditions that cause blood in stool and diarrhoea, non-surgical approaches are the first line of management. These methods focus on relieving symptoms, addressing underlying causes, and supporting digestive health.

Lifestyle and Dietary Adjustments

Dietary modifications are often a first step for mild cases, particularly for conditions like haemorrhoids, diverticulosis, and mild IBD. Increasing fibre intake through fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can support regular bowel movements and reduce straining, which helps prevent and manage haemorrhoids and diverticular issues. Staying well-hydrated and avoiding irritants, such as processed foods, alcohol, and caffeine, may also reduce irritation in the digestive tract.

Medications

Medications help manage conditions that cause blood in stool and diarrhoea depending on the underlying cause. For IBD, anti-inflammatory drugs, such as corticosteroids and aminosalicylates, help reduce colon inflammation and manage symptoms. Antibiotics are commonly used to treat infections causing colitis by eliminating bacteria like E. coli or Salmonella. 

In cases where constipation or hard stools aggravate symptoms, stool softeners or fibre supplements may aid smoother bowel movements, reducing strain and the risk of bleeding, especially in haemorrhoids and anal fissures. Pain relief options may also be provided but are used cautiously, especially in IBD, to avoid exacerbating symptoms.

Topical Treatments

In cases of haemorrhoids or anal fissures, topical creams and ointments may provide relief. For example, haemorrhoidal creams can reduce inflammation and swelling, while medicated ointments for anal fissures promote healing and reduce discomfort during bowel movements.

Surgical Treatment

Surgical interventions may be necessary when non-surgical treatments are insufficient or when the underlying condition is advanced or severe. Common surgical options include:

Haemorrhoidectomy

In cases of severe or recurring haemorrhoids that do not respond to lifestyle changes or topical treatments, a haemorrhoidectomy may be performed. This procedure involves the surgical removal of haemorrhoids, providing long-term relief from bleeding and discomfort.

Polypectomy

For patients with colorectal polyps, a polypectomy (removal of polyps) is often performed during a colonoscopy. This procedure prevents polyps from growing larger or potentially turning cancerous. Polypectomy is generally a quick and minimally invasive procedure.

Colectomy

For severe IBD, diverticulitis complications, or colorectal cancer, a colectomy may be necessary. This surgery involves removing a portion (or, in some cases, the entirety) of the colon. In IBD, a colectomy may help manage symptoms when other treatments have failed, while in colorectal cancer, it can be life-saving by removing cancerous tissue.

Resection for Colorectal Cancer

In cases of colorectal cancer, a section of the colon or rectum containing the tumour may be surgically removed. This procedure often involves removing nearby lymph nodes to prevent cancer spread. Depending on the tumour’s location and stage, resection may be combined with other treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

Abscess Drainage

For diverticulitis patients who develop an abscess (a collection of infected fluid), surgical drainage may be required. This procedure helps remove infected material and reduce inflammation, preventing further complications.

When Should You See a Specialist?

Not all cases of blood in the stool and diarrhoea necessitate immediate medical attention, but some symptoms may indicate a serious underlying problem and necessitate a prompt consultation with a specialist. Seek medical advice if you experience:

• Persistent or worsening symptoms that do not improve within a few days.
• Dark (black or tarry) blood in the stool, or bright red blood that appears consistently.
• Severe abdominal pain, fever, or unintentional weight loss along with these symptoms.
• A personal or family history of colorectal cancer, polyps, or gastrointestinal disorders.

In these instances, consulting a colorectal specialist is recommended to help determine the cause and ensure appropriate treatment.

Conclusion

Blood in stool and diarrhoea can be symptoms of various colorectal conditions, some of which require timely medical attention. Recognising common causes helps patients determine when to seek evaluation from a specialist. Consulting with a colorectal surgeon is advisable if these symptoms persist, worsen, or are accompanied by other warning signs. Early diagnosis and treatment are key to managing underlying conditions and promoting long-term gastrointestinal health.

If you have blood in your stool, persistent diarrhoea, or other digestive issues, schedule a consultation today to discuss your symptoms and explore personalised diagnostic and treatment options.