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Surgery can temporarily disrupt your normal bowel patterns, which can be concerning during recovery. Knowing what to expect and how to manage these changes can support a smoother healing process.

This article covers the typical changes in post-surgical bowel function, recovery timelines, and practical management strategies during your recovery period.

What Changes to Expect After Surgery

Post-surgical bowel function changes occur due to several factors that affect your digestive system during and after your procedure.

Reduced bowel movements initially: Anaesthesia and pain medications slow intestinal movement, typically resulting in no bowel movements for 2-3 days after surgery 

Changes in stool consistency: Stools may become harder or softer than usual as your digestive system adjusts to medications and dietary changes  

Altered timing patterns: Your usual bowel schedule may shift, with movements occurring at different times or less frequently 

Increased gas and bloating: Air swallowed during intubation and reduced physical activity can cause trapped gas and abdominal discomfort

Timeline for Bowel Recovery After Surgery

Most patients experience a gradual return to normal bowel function, though timing varies depending on surgery type and individual factors.

First 24-48 hours: Bowel movements typically don’t occur during this period due to anaesthesia effects and the body’s stress response 

Days 3-5:  First post-operative bowel movement usually occurs, which may involve some discomfort or straining 

Week 1-2: Bowel patterns begin to normalise, though frequency and consistency may still differ from your pre-surgery routine  

Weeks 2-4: Most patients return to baseline bowel function, with complete normalisation typically achieved within one month

Common Symptoms and Concerns After Surgery 

Recognising normal post-operative symptoms helps distinguish between expected changes and issues requiring medical attention.

Constipation: The most frequent concern, often caused by pain medications (particularly opioids), reduced mobility, and changes in diet and fluid intake 

Mild abdominal cramping: Discomfort during bowel movements is common as your intestines resume normal activity after being temporarily slowed 

Feeling of incomplete emptying: You may feel like you haven’t fully emptied your bowels, which usually resolves as normal function returns  

Occasional loose stools: Some patients experience temporary diarrhoea, particularly if taking antibiotics or experiencing dietary changes during recovery

How to Support Healthy Bowel Function After Surgery

Dietary Tips 

Your diet plays a key role in supporting bowel recovery after surgery.

• Start with soft, easy-to-digest foods like cooked vegetables, fruits without skins, and whole grains.
  
• Drink plenty of water (6-8 glasses daily) to keep stools soft.
  
• Natural stool softeners such as prunes, figs, or pear juice can be helpful.
  
• Limit refined carbs, processed foods, and excessive dairy that may worsen constipation.

Activity and Movement

Light activity helps your digestive system recover.

• Take short, gentle walks as soon as you’re able.
  
• Practice deep breathing exercises to relax your abdomen.
  
• Use a small footstool when sitting on the toilet to improve bowel movements.
  
• Avoid staying in bed for long periods; change positions often.

When to See a Colorectal Specialist in Singapore

Most bowel changes after surgery are temporary and resolve with time. However, some symptoms may indicate a complication and require prompt medical attention from a colorectal specialist in Singapore:

No bowel movement for more than 4-5 days: This could signal severe constipation that may need medication or medical intervention.

Severe abdominal pain or bloating: Intense cramps, a visibly swollen abdomen, or nausea and vomiting should be assessed immediately.

Blood in stools or black, tarry stools: These may be signs of bleeding and should not be ignored.

Persistent diarrhoea lasting more than 48 hours: Ongoing loose stools can lead to dehydration and require medical review.

Conclusion

Changes in bowel function after surgery are common and usually improve within a few weeks as your body recovers. Understanding what to expect, adopting the right dietary and activity habits, and recognising when to seek help can make this part of your recovery smoother and more manageable.

If you experience persistent constipation, concerning symptoms, or have questions about your recovery, schedule a consultation with our colorectal and general surgeon in Singapore for a personalised assessment and professional guidance.

Colorectal surgery refers to operations on the large intestine, which includes the colon and rectum. These procedures are used to treat conditions such as cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and other bowel problems. This guide covers the key stages of colorectal surgery and what patients typically experience before, during, and after their procedure.

What is Colorectal Surgery?

Colorectal surgery includes procedures to remove or repair parts of the large intestine when other treatments, like medication, have not been successful.

Colectomy: Removes part or all of the colon, often used for cancer, severe inflammation, or blockages that affect normal bowel function 

Rectal resection: Involves removing diseased portions of the rectum, typically performed for rectal cancer or severe inflammatory conditions 

Minimally invasive techniques: Use smaller incisions with instruments designed for keyhole surgery, which may result in shorter hospital stays 

Open surgery: Involves larger incisions when cases require direct access to affected areas

Indications for Colorectal Surgery 

Several medical conditions may lead your doctor to recommend colorectal surgery as the most appropriate treatment option.

Colorectal cancer: Surgery is often needed to remove tumours and nearby tissue to reduce the risk of cancer spreading.

Inflammatory bowel disease: Conditions like Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis may require surgery if symptoms cannot be managed with medication.

Diverticular disease: Can lead to complications such as bleeding or infection, sometimes requiring surgery.

Bowel obstruction: Blockages from scar tissue, tumours, or other causes may require surgery to restore normal bowel function.

Preparing for Colorectal Surgery in Singapore

Before your procedure, your surgical team will guide you through essential preparation to help ensure a smooth operation and recovery.

This may include blood tests, scans, and other assessments to check your overall health and fitness for surgery. You will also receive specific instructions to prepare your bowels, often involving a special diet and medications to clear the intestines.

If you take medications such as blood thinners or diabetes medications, your doctor may advise adjusting or pausing them before surgery. Maintaining good nutrition and stopping smoking, if applicable, can also improve your body’s ability to heal after surgery.

What Happens During Colorectal Surgery

Colorectal surgery is performed under anaesthesia, meaning you will be asleep or pain-free throughout the procedure. Depending on your condition, your colorectal surgeon may use minimally invasive (keyhole) or traditional open surgery techniques.

The goal is to remove or repair the affected part of your bowel while preserving as much healthy tissue as possible. In some cases, the surgeon may need to join sections of the bowel together or create a temporary or permanent stoma (an opening in the abdomen for waste to exit the body).

Recovery and Aftercare

After surgery, most patients stay in the hospital for several days so the medical team can monitor your progress and manage any discomfort.

You will gradually transition from clear fluids to solid foods as your digestive system recovers. It’s normal to feel tired initially, so activities such as heavy lifting or strenuous exercise should be avoided for several weeks. Light walking is encouraged to promote circulation and support healing.

Follow-up appointments will be scheduled to check your recovery, manage any symptoms, and provide guidance on returning to normal daily activities.

When to See a Colorectal Surgeon 

While some discomfort is expected after colorectal surgery, certain symptoms may indicate complications that require prompt medical attention. You should contact a qualified colorectal surgeon in Singapore if you experience:

• Persistent fever or chills: A temperature above 38°C may signal an infection.
  
• Severe or worsening abdominal pain: Pain that gets worse instead of better, or feels different from typical post-surgical discomfort.
  
• Difficulty passing gas or stools: Or significant changes in stoma output, which may suggest a blockage.
  
• Wound problems: Such as redness, swelling, pus-like discharge, or separation of the incision edges.

Conclusion

Colorectal surgery is a treatment option for various bowel conditions. Understanding each stage of the process can help you prepare for your treatment journey.

Schedule a consultation with our colorectal and general surgeon in Singapore to discuss your condition, treatment options, and how surgery may improve your quality of life.

Rectal cancer develops when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the rectum, which is the final section of the large intestine. It typically begins as small polyps that may become cancerous over time if not detected and removed early. This article explains common side effects of rectal cancer treatment and practical ways to manage them during and after treatment, so patients know what to expect.

How is Rectal Cancer Treated in Singapore?

Rectal cancer treatment usually involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Surgery aims to remove the cancerous tissue and may be performed using open or minimally invasive techniques. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are often used to shrink tumours before surgery or to prevent recurrence. Each treatment plan is tailored to the patient’s cancer stage, overall health, and treatment goals.

Common Side Effects After Rectal Cancer Treatment

Patients may experience several side effects during and after rectal cancer treatment: 

Digestive Changes: Bowel patterns may change, leading to diarrhoea, constipation, or irregular movements. Some patients develop temporary food intolerances or experience nausea and reduced appetite.

Fatigue: Cancer treatment often causes ongoing tiredness that does not fully improve with rest.

Skin and Wound Reactions: Radiotherapy can cause redness and dryness in the treated skin area, while surgical wounds require careful care to prevent infection.

Managing Side Effects of Rectal Cancer Treatment

Digestive Support: Eat soft, easy-to-digest foods at first and drink plenty of fluids to keep your bowels moving comfortably. If you avoid certain foods during treatment, reintroduce them slowly to see how your body responds.

Fatigue Management: Break tasks into smaller steps and rest when needed. Light activities such as short walks or gentle stretching can help improve your energy levels over time.

Skin and Wound Care: Keep surgical wounds clean and dry, following your colorectal surgeon’s instructions. For areas affected by radiotherapy, use mild moisturisers and wear loose, comfortable clothing to reduce irritation.

When to See a Specialist

Contact a colorectal and general surgeon in Singapore immediately if you experience:

Severe digestive symptoms: Ongoing vomiting, severe abdominal pain, or inability to keep fluids down for more than 24 hours.

Signs of infection: Fever over 38°C, chills, or redness, swelling, or discharge from a surgical wound.

Unusual bleeding: New or increased bleeding from the surgical area or rectum.

Severe weakness or dizziness: Feeling too weak for daily tasks or light-headed when standing.

Conclusion

Managing the side effects of rectal cancer treatment is an important part of your recovery. Understanding what to expect and knowing when to seek medical advice can help you feel more confident as you heal. 

If you are experiencing persistent symptoms, have concerns about your recovery, or wish to discuss your treatment options, schedule a consultation with our qualified colorectal and general surgeon in Singapore for personalised care and expert guidance.

Recovering from rectal cancer surgery takes time and varies for each person. Most patients can expect several weeks to months of healing, depending on the type of surgery and their overall health. This article explains what to expect during your recovery, from immediate post-surgery care to longer-term healing and follow-up.

What is Rectal Cancer?

Rectal cancer occurs when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the rectum, which is the final section of the large intestine. These cancerous cells often begin as small growths called polyps, which may become cancerous over time if left untreated. Rectal cancer can affect bowel habits, cause bleeding, or result in other digestive symptoms. 

What is Rectal Cancer Surgery?

Surgery is a key part of rectal cancer treatment and typically involves removing part or all of the rectum to eliminate cancerous tissue. The specific surgical approach depends on factors such as the size, location, and stage of the cancer.

In many cases, minimally invasive techniques (such as keyhole or laparoscopic surgery) are used to reduce recovery time and minimise scarring. However, open surgery may still be necessary in more complex cases or when better access to the affected area is required.

A qualified colorectal and general surgeon in Singapore will assess your condition and explain the most suitable surgical option for your individual needs, overall health, and treatment goals.

Recovery after Rectal Cancer Surgery in Singapore

What to expect in the first few weeks: Most patients stay in the hospital for about 3 to 7 days, depending on the type of surgery and individual progress. Pain around the surgical area is normal and can be managed with medications. 

Your surgical team will guide you on wound care, including dressing changes to keep the area clean and reduce infection risk. Gentle walking usually starts within 24 to 48 hours to support circulation and prevent complications.

Common recovery symptom: It is common to experience changes in bowel habits, such as diarrhoea, constipation, or irregular bowel movements as your body adjusts. Fatigue, reduced appetite, and temporary sleep disruption are also expected during the first few weeks.

Diet and hydration: Your colorectal surgeon will advise starting with clear liquids and soft, low-fibre foods to ease your digestive system back into normal function. Drink plenty of water to prevent dehydration and support healing. As your appetite improves, you can slowly reintroduce more regular foods.

Physical Activity and Movement: Light walking is encouraged early on to promote recovery. Avoid heavy lifting for at least 6 to 8 weeks to protect your surgical site. You can resume driving once you feel comfortable and can move freely, typically within 2 to 4 weeks. More strenuous activities should only resume based on your surgeon’s advice.

Follow-Up and Monitoring: Regular check-ups with your colorectal and general surgeon in Singapore will help monitor your healing. Your doctor may schedule scans or blood tests to track recovery progress. Report any new or concerning symptoms promptly to ensure appropriate care.

When to See a Colorectal Specialist

Seek immediate medical attention if you experience: 

Signs of infection: Look out for increased redness, warmth, swelling, or discharge from your surgical site. These may indicate an infection that needs prompt treatment.

Severe or worsening pain: If your pain becomes significantly worse or does not improve with prescribed medications, contact your doctor.

Digestive issues: Persistent nausea, vomiting, bloating, or difficulty passing gas or stool should be assessed by your colorectal specialist.

Fever: A temperature above 38°C (100.4°F) can be a sign of infection and requires medical attention.

Conclusion

Recovering from rectal cancer surgery takes time, but following your surgeon’s instructions on care, activity, and follow-up can support a smoother healing process. If you have concerns about your recovery or are preparing for surgery, schedule a consultation with our colorectal and general surgeon in Singapore for personalised advice and care.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refers to ongoing inflammation in the digestive tract. Understanding the condition and learning practical management strategies can help you maintain your quality of life. This article explains key aspects of IBD management, including recognising symptoms and making daily lifestyle adjustments.

Understanding IBD

IBD is an umbrella term that primarily includes two main conditions: Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Both involve chronic inflammation, but they affect different parts of the digestive system.

Crohn’s disease: Can affect any part of the digestive tract from mouth to bottom, often appearing in patches with healthy tissue between inflamed areas

Ulcerative colitis: Specifically affects the large intestine (colon) and rectum, causing continuous inflammation along the intestinal lining

Autoimmune response: Occurs when the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy digestive tissue, leading to persistent inflammation

Multiple factors: Genetics and environmental triggers may contribute to IBD development.

Symptoms of IBD

IBD symptoms can vary significantly between individuals and may change over time.  Recognising your symptom patterns allows for earlier intervention during flare-ups.

Digestive symptoms: Include persistent diarrhoea, abdominal pain, cramping, and changes in bowel movements that last several weeks

Systemic symptoms: Such as unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and loss of appetite often accompany digestive issues

Blood or mucus in stools: May indicate active inflammation and should prompt discussion with your healthcare team

Extra-intestinal symptoms: Can affect joints, skin, eyes, or liver, showing that IBD impacts more than just the digestive system

IBD Treatment in Singapore

Medical (Non-Surgical) Management

Most people with IBD can manage their condition with medication, which helps reduce inflammation, relieve symptoms, and maintain long-term remission.

• Anti-inflammatory Medications help reduce swelling and irritation in the digestive tract, especially during flare-ups.
  
• Immune System Suppressors help calm the overactive immune response that drives inflammation in IBD.
  
• Biologic Therapies are advanced medications that target specific parts of the immune system to control inflammation, often recommended for moderate to severe cases.
  
• Other Medications, such as antibiotics or pain relievers, may be used to treat specific complications like infections or to manage discomfort. Always speak to your doctor before starting or changing any medications.

Surgical Treatment for IBD in Singapore

Surgery may be necessary if medications do not control symptoms effectively, or if complications develop. The type of surgery recommended depends on whether you have Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis, and the severity of your condition.

Common reasons for surgery include:

• Persistent symptoms that do not improve with medication
  
• Bowel blockages or narrowing (strictures)
  
• Fistulas or abscesses, especially in Crohn’s disease
  
• Severe inflammation or bleeding
  
• Cancer or pre-cancerous changes in the bowel

Surgical options may include:

• Removing the affected portion of the intestine (bowel resection)
  
• Widening narrowed areas without removing bowel (strictureplasty)
  
• Treating fistulas with procedures to close abnormal tunnels
  
• Removing the colon and rectum (proctocolectomy), sometimes followed by the creation of an internal pouch to allow more natural bowel function

Managing IBD Flare-ups and Lifestyle Adjustments

During an IBD flare-up, symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and fatigue can worsen. Recognising these early and following your doctor’s treatment plan is key to reducing their severity and duration. You should not make changes to your medications without medical advice.

Simple daily habits can also help support long-term symptom control. Eating a balanced diet, avoiding trigger foods when necessary, getting enough rest, and staying active with light exercise can improve your overall wellbeing. Stress management and regular medical reviews are also important in helping to maintain stable periods and reduce the likelihood of flare-ups.

When to See a Colorectal Surgeon in Singapore

Knowing when to seek specialist care can help prevent minor IBD issues from becoming more serious. A qualified colorectal surgeon in Singapore can assess your condition, manage complications, and guide you through appropriate treatment options when needed.

Situations that require prompt medical attention include:

• Worsening symptoms: Increased abdominal pain, blood in stools, diarrhoea, or fever may indicate an IBD flare-up or complication that requires evaluation.
  
• New or unusual symptoms: Any symptoms that do not fit your typical pattern, such as weight loss, severe fatigue, or persistent bloating, should be discussed with your colorectal surgeon or IBD specialist.
  
• Medication concerns: If you experience side effects or have questions about changes to your treatment, seek medical advice rather than adjusting medications yourself.
  
• Routine monitoring: Regular follow-ups, blood tests, and scans help track disease activity, assess treatment effectiveness, and detect potential complications early.

Conclusion

Living with IBD requires ongoing attention to your body’s signals and a clear understanding of how to manage the condition. By recognising symptom patterns and following the recommended treatment plan, many people can effectively control IBD and continue with daily life.

If you are experiencing persistent digestive symptoms or need advice on managing IBD, schedule a consultation with our colorectal surgeon in Singapore to receive personalised guidance and treatment options.

A hiatal hernia occurs when part of the stomach pushes through the diaphragm into the chest cavity. This condition can cause discomfort, acid reflux, and other digestive issues. While some cases require minimal intervention, others may need medication or surgery, depending on the severity of symptoms. This article outlines the treatment options for managing a hiatal hernia, ranging from lifestyle modifications to surgical procedures.

Non-Surgical Treatment Options

Many people with a hiatal hernia manage their symptoms without surgery. Lifestyle adjustments and medication can help relieve discomfort and prevent complications.

Lifestyle and Dietary Adjustments

Eating Smaller, More Frequent Meals: Large meals put pressure on the stomach, increasing the likelihood of acid reflux and discomfort. A doctor may suggest eating smaller portions at regular intervals helps reduce the strain on the diaphragm and minimises reflux symptoms.

Avoiding Foods That Trigger Symptoms: Certain foods can worsen reflux and irritation of the oesophagus. Spicy, acidic, and high-fat foods, as well as caffeine, alcohol, chocolate, and citrus fruits, may contribute to heartburn and should be avoided or consumed in moderation.

Maintaining a Healthy Weight: Carrying excess weight, particularly around the abdomen, increases pressure on the stomach and diaphragm. This can worsen hiatal hernia symptoms. Gradual weight loss through a balanced diet and regular physical activity can help reduce strain on the digestive system.

Avoiding Eating Late at Night: Lying down too soon after eating makes it easier for stomach acid to travel up into the oesophagus. Eating at least three hours before bedtime allows food to digest properly and reduces the risk of reflux.

Raising the Head of the Bed: Keeping the upper body elevated while sleeping can prevent acid from moving into the oesophagus. This can be achieved by using a wedge pillow or adjusting the height of the bed frame.

Medications for Symptom Relief

Antacids: These over-the-counter medications neutralise stomach acid and provide temporary relief from heartburn. However, they do not address the underlying issue of acid reflux.

H2 Receptor Blockers: Medications such as ranitidine and famotidine reduce acid production in the stomach. They provide longer-lasting relief than antacids and can help prevent damage to the oesophagus.

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs): Drugs like omeprazole and esomeprazole significantly reduce acid production, helping to heal irritation in the oesophagus. They are commonly prescribed for more severe or persistent reflux symptoms.

Prokinetic Agents: In some cases, medications that speed up stomach emptying may be recommended. These help reduce the buildup of pressure in the stomach, lowering the likelihood of acid reflux.

Surgical Treatment Options

Surgery is considered for severe hiatal hernias or when symptoms persist despite medication and lifestyle changes. Large hernias, complications such as strangulation, or persistent reflux may require surgical intervention.

Fundoplication Surgery: Fundoplication strengthens the lower oesophageal sphincter by wrapping the upper stomach around the lower oesophagus. This helps prevent acid reflux. The Nissen fundoplication involves a complete 360-degree wrap, while partial fundoplication options (Toupet or Dor) involve a less restrictive wrap.

Most procedures are performed laparoscopically, using small incisions for faster recovery. Patients usually stay in the hospital for one or two days and can resume normal activities within a few weeks. A temporary diet adjustment is often recommended to aid healing.

Hiatal Hernia Repair: This procedure involves repositioning the stomach into the abdomen and tightening the diaphragm opening to prevent future herniation. In some cases, A general surgeon may use surgical mesh is used for reinforcement. Hiatal hernia repair is often combined with fundoplication to reduce reflux.

Laparoscopic surgery is the preferred approach due to quicker recovery and fewer complications. Post-surgery, patients typically follow a modified diet to allow healing.

Linx Device Placement: The Linx device is a small magnetic ring placed around the lower oesophagus to reinforce the sphincter. It prevents acid reflux while allowing normal swallowing.

Unlike fundoplication, Linx preserves natural stomach function and is less invasive. It is an option for patients with severe reflux who do not respond well to medication. However, not all patients are suitable candidates, requiring specialist assessment.

When to Consider Surgery

Surgery is recommended when symptoms are severe, persistent, or lead to complications such as oesophagitis, ulcers, or Barrett’s oesophagus. Large hernias causing swallowing difficulties, chest pain, or breathing problems may also require intervention.

A trapped (incarcerated) hiatal hernia, where part of the stomach loses its blood supply, is a medical emergency needing immediate surgery. If lifestyle changes and medication do not provide relief, discussing surgical options with a specialist is advisable.

Conclusion

Treatment for a hiatal hernia depends on symptom severity, hernia size, and overall health. Many cases are managed with lifestyle changes and medication, while severe cases may require surgery. Identifying symptoms early and seeking medical advice can help determine the best treatment approach.

If you experience ongoing discomfort or reflux symptoms, schedule a consultation today to explore your treatment options.

A hernia occurs when an organ or tissue pushes through a weakened area of muscle or connective tissue, often requiring evaluation by a Colorectal & General Surgeon. While hernias are more commonly diagnosed in men, they also affect women, sometimes with different causes and symptoms. In many cases, hernias in women are less visible, making them more difficult to detect. This article outlines common reasons why hernias develop in women, the signs to look out for, and how they may differ from those seen in men.

Causes of Hernias in Women

Hernias in women can develop due to muscle weakness, repeated strain, or increased pressure in the abdominal region. Several factors contribute to their occurrence.

Pregnancy and Childbirth

Increased Pressure on the Abdominal Wall: As the uterus expands during pregnancy, the growing baby places strain on the abdominal muscles. This can weaken the muscle layer over time, making hernias more likely, especially in later stages of pregnancy or after multiple pregnancies.

Muscle Separation (Diastasis Recti): The stretching of the abdominal wall can lead to a condition called diastasis recti, where the central abdominal muscles separate, creating a weak area that increases the risk of a hernia.

Hernias After a Caesarean Section: A caesarean delivery involves making an incision through the abdominal wall. If the muscle does not heal with full strength, the surgical site can become a weak point where an incisional hernia may develop. This risk is higher for women who have had multiple C-sections or experience increased abdominal pressure after surgery.

Chronic Straining and Physical Stress

Heavy Lifting: Lifting heavy objects regularly—whether at work, during exercise, or while caring for children—can put repeated stress on the abdominal muscles. Over time, this strain can contribute to muscle weakness, increasing the risk of a hernia.

Persistent Coughing: Chronic coughing, often due to conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, or smoking-related lung disease, repeatedly contracts the abdominal muscles. This ongoing pressure can gradually weaken the muscle wall, making hernias more likely to develop.

Straining During Bowel Movements: Women who experience chronic constipation often strain while passing stool. This repeated pushing increases intra-abdominal pressure, especially in the lower abdomen and groin area, contributing to the formation of hernias such as femoral or inguinal hernias.

Previous Abdominal Surgery

Weakened Tissue Along Surgical Scars: Any abdominal surgery, such as a hysterectomy, fibroid removal, or gallbladder surgery, involves cutting through muscle layers. Even after healing, these areas may not regain full strength, making them more prone to herniation.

Incisional Hernias: Hernias that develop at or near previous surgical scars are called incisional hernias. The risk is higher if the wound was slow to heal, became infected, or if repeated strain was placed on the area before it had fully recovered.

Weight Changes and Abdominal Pressure

Excess Body Weight and Strain on Muscles: Carrying extra weight increases pressure on the abdominal muscles. Over time, this continuous strain can weaken muscle tissue, making herniation more likely. Women with obesity are more prone to umbilical and incisional hernias.

Rapid Weight Loss and Reduced Muscle Support: A sudden loss of weight—whether due to illness, surgery, or extreme dieting—can lead to a loss of supportive fat and muscle mass. If the abdominal wall loses structural support faster than it can adapt, weak areas may develop where a hernia can form.

Symptoms of Hernias in Women

Hernia symptoms in women may differ from those in men. While men often develop a visible bulge, women may experience discomfort without an obvious lump, making the diagnosis more challenging.

Pain or Discomfort in the Lower Abdomen or Pelvis

Dull or Aching Sensation: Some women experience a persistent or intermittent ache in the lower abdomen or groin, prompting them to seek advice from a doctor. This discomfort may worsen with standing for long periods, physical activity, or lifting.

Pain Extending to the Hip or Thigh: Hernias, particularly those in the groin (inguinal or femoral hernias), can cause pain that radiates beyond the abdomen. This may lead to misdiagnosis as muscle strain, hip issues, or gynaecological conditions.

Pressure or Heaviness in the Abdomen

Feeling of Fullness or Dragging: Many women describe a sensation of pressure or heaviness in the lower abdomen. This can feel like a pulling or dragging sensation, even in the absence of a visible bulge.

Increased Discomfort with Activity: The sensation often worsens when bending, coughing, lifting, or exercising. Symptoms may improve when lying down but return during movement.

Visible or Palpable Lump

Soft Swelling That Changes in Size: In some cases, a hernia may cause a small lump that becomes more noticeable when standing or straining. The swelling may shrink or disappear when lying down but reappear with physical activity.

Lump That Becomes Firm or Painful: If the hernia becomes trapped (incarcerated) and does not retract, it can cause increasing pain and may require urgent medical attention.

Digestive Discomfort (for Abdominal Hernias)

Bloating, Nausea, or Mild Indigestion: Some hernias press against the intestines, affecting digestion. Women may experience bloating, nausea, or discomfort after meals.

Changes in Bowel Habits: In some cases, hernias contribute to constipation or intermittent bowel obstruction. If bowel movements become irregular or accompanied by severe pain, medical evaluation is recommended.

Conclusion

Hernias in women may not always present with an obvious lump, making them more difficult to identify. Some women experience persistent discomfort, a sensation of pressure, or pain that radiates to the hip or thigh. Pregnancy, chronic straining, previous surgery, and weight changes are common contributing factors. Recognising symptoms early allows for timely medical evaluation.

If you have ongoing discomfort or suspect a hernia, schedule a consultation today to discuss your symptoms and possible treatment options.

Hernias occur when internal tissue or organs push through a weakness in the surrounding muscle or connective tissue, often requiring evaluation by a Colorectal & General Surgeon. While hernias can affect anyone, men are more likely to develop them due to specific anatomical and lifestyle factors. Recognising the symptoms and the potential causes can help in seeking appropriate treatment and preventing complications. This article explores the key signs, causes, and treatment options for hernias in men.

Symptoms of Hernias

The signs and severity of hernia symptoms vary depending on the type and location. Common symptoms include:

Visible Bulge: A lump or swelling is often noticeable in the affected area, such as the groin or abdomen. The bulge may become more prominent when standing, coughing, or straining, and it may temporarily disappear when lying down.

Pain or Discomfort: Individuals frequently report dull aches or sharp pain at the hernia site. This discomfort often worsens during physical activities, heavy lifting, or prolonged standing and can radiate to the scrotum or upper thigh.

Pressure Sensation: Many individuals describe a feeling of heaviness or dragging in the affected area, particularly after physical activity or towards the end of the day.

Digestive Issues: When intestinal tissue is involved, symptoms like nausea, constipation, or difficulty passing stools may occur. These signs require prompt medical attention to prevent complications.

Common Causes of Hernias in Men

Several factors contribute to hernia development in men, including:

Anatomical Predisposition: The inguinal canal, where blood vessels and the spermatic cord pass through the abdominal wall, is a naturally weak spot in men. This explains why inguinal hernias are more common in males.

Physical Strain: Repeated heavy lifting, especially with improper technique, puts excessive pressure on the abdominal wall. Over time, this strain weakens muscle tissue, increasing hernia risk.

Chronic Cough: Persistent coughing, often due to smoking or respiratory issues, creates repetitive pressure that can weaken abdominal muscles.

Body Composition: Excess body weight adds strain to the abdominal muscles and connective tissue, raising hernia susceptibility.

Treatment Options for Hernias

When hernias are diagnosed, treatment options vary depending on the size, symptoms, and potential for complications. Exploring both non-surgical and surgical approaches helps determine the most suitable course of action.

Non-Surgical Management

Some hernias may not require immediate surgical intervention and can be managed conservatively through:

Monitoring

Small and asymptomatic hernias can be observed through routine check-ups to monitor changes in size or symptoms. This approach is appropriate for cases with minimal discomfort and low risk.

Activity Modification

Avoiding activities that strain the abdominal wall, such as heavy lifting or high-intensity exercises, helps prevent further aggravation. Core-strengthening exercises under guidance can improve abdominal wall support.

Support Devices

A hernia truss or support garment can provide temporary relief by reducing pressure on the affected area. However, these devices should only be used under medical advice, as they do not offer a long-term solution.

Surgical Treatment

When hernias cause pain, grow larger, or pose risks of complications, surgical repair is often the preferred approach. Techniques include:

Open Surgery

This approach involves making a single incision near the hernia site to access and repair the weakened tissue. Surgeons often use a mesh to reinforce the repaired area, providing additional support and reducing the chances of recurrence. Open surgery is a widely practiced and effective technique, particularly for larger or more complex hernias.

Laparoscopic Repair

Laparoscopic repair is a minimally invasive technique that uses several small incisions. Through these incisions, specialised instruments and a camera are inserted to repair the hernia with precision. This method typically offers a shorter recovery period, less post-operative pain, and smaller scars compared to open surgery, making it an appealing option for many patients.

Prevention and Recovery

Maintaining a strong abdominal wall and minimising strain can lower the risk of developing hernias. Regular exercise focusing on core muscles, maintaining a balanced weight, and following proper lifting techniques help reduce pressure on the abdomen. 

Quitting smoking aids tissue healing and reduces coughing, while staying hydrated and eating fibre-rich foods prevent constipation, minimising strain during bowel movements. Post-treatment recovery benefits from continued attention to these habits and regular follow-ups with a healthcare provider.

Conclusion

Hernias in men require careful attention to their symptoms and potential risks. Early diagnosis and an informed choice of treatment options ensure effective management and recovery. Whether addressing mild cases or exploring surgical repair, exploring the available solutions makes a significant difference in outcomes.

Schedule a consultation today to discuss your concerns and find the right approach for your needs.

Colonoscopy and endoscopy are two distinct medical procedures commonly used to examine the digestive system. While they share similarities in using a flexible tube with a camera to visualise internal structures, their purposes, methods, and areas of focus differ significantly. This guide explains these differences in detail to provide clarity on what each procedure involves.

Key Differences Between Colonoscopy and Endoscopy

When Are These Procedures Recommended?

Endoscopy

This procedure is recommended for symptoms related to the upper digestive tract, such as persistent heartburn, difficulty swallowing, unexplained stomach pain, or nausea. It is also used to monitor conditions like ulcers or gastritis and can collect tissue samples (biopsies) for further diagnosis.

Colonoscopy

This procedure is advised for symptoms involving the lower digestive tract, such as rectal bleeding, persistent diarrhoea, or changes in bowel habits. It is also a primary method for colorectal cancer screening, especially for individuals over 50 or those with a family history of the disease.

Preparation Requirements

Endoscopy

Preparation involves fasting for several hours before the procedure to ensure the stomach is empty. This provides a clear view of the upper digestive system. Your doctor may also ask you to temporarily stop certain medications that could interfere with the results.

Colonoscopy

Preparation is more detailed, requiring a bowel-cleansing plan. This typically involves drinking a prescribed laxative solution to empty the colon and possibly following a clear liquid diet the day before the procedure. Proper preparation ensures accurate examination results.

What Happens During the Procedures?

Endoscopy

After sedation, the doctor gently inserts a thin, flexible tube (endoscope) through your mouth and guides it into the oesophagus, stomach, and upper small intestine. The camera on the endoscope transmits images to a monitor, allowing the doctor to examine the area. If necessary, tissue samples can be taken during the procedure.

Colonoscopy

You will also be sedated for comfort during this procedure. A longer tube (colonoscope) is inserted through the rectum and carefully navigated through the colon. The camera captures detailed images of the lining, enabling the doctor to detect abnormalities like polyps. Any polyps found can be removed during the procedure.

Procedure Duration

Endoscopy

The procedure usually takes about 15 to 30 minutes, depending on whether additional steps, such as biopsies, are required.

Colonoscopy

Typically lasts between 30 and 60 minutes, as it involves examining the entire colon and, if necessary, removing polyps or taking tissue samples.

Recovery Process

Endoscopy

After an endoscopy, your General Surgeon may advise you on managing mild throat irritation, dryness, or slight swallowing discomfort. Bloating from air introduced during the procedure may also occur but typically resolves within a few hours. Resting for the remainder of the day is advised, particularly if sedation was used. Avoid hot or spicy foods immediately afterward to reduce irritation.

Colonoscopy

After a colonoscopy, mild cramping or bloating is common but usually subsides within a few hours. If polyps were removed, your doctor may recommend avoiding strenuous activities for a day or two. Staying hydrated and following post-procedure instructions can help ensure a smooth recovery, and resting at home is advised.

Conclusion

Colonoscopy and endoscopy are distinct procedures used to examine different parts of the digestive system. Learning about their differences, including the areas they assess and what each involves, can help you feel more prepared. If you are experiencing symptoms or require an evaluation, book a consultation to discuss which procedure is most suitable for your needs.