Causes and Symptoms of Hernias in Women
A hernia occurs when an organ or tissue pushes through a weakened area of muscle or connective tissue. While hernias are more commonly diagnosed in men, they also affect women, sometimes with different causes and symptoms. In many cases, hernias in women are less visible, making them more difficult to detect. This article outlines common reasons why hernias develop in women, the signs to look out for, and how they may differ from those seen in men.
Causes of Hernias in Women
Hernias in women can develop due to muscle weakness, repeated strain, or increased pressure in the abdominal region. Several factors contribute to their occurrence.
Pregnancy and Childbirth
Increased Pressure on the Abdominal Wall: As the uterus expands during pregnancy, the growing baby places strain on the abdominal muscles. This can weaken the muscle layer over time, making hernias more likely, especially in later stages of pregnancy or after multiple pregnancies.
Muscle Separation (Diastasis Recti): The stretching of the abdominal wall can lead to a condition called diastasis recti, where the central abdominal muscles separate, creating a weak area that increases the risk of a hernia.
Hernias After a Caesarean Section: A caesarean delivery involves making an incision through the abdominal wall. If the muscle does not heal with full strength, the surgical site can become a weak point where an incisional hernia may develop. This risk is higher for women who have had multiple C-sections or experience increased abdominal pressure after surgery.
Chronic Straining and Physical Stress
Heavy Lifting: Lifting heavy objects regularly—whether at work, during exercise, or while caring for children—can put repeated stress on the abdominal muscles. Over time, this strain can contribute to muscle weakness, increasing the risk of a hernia.
Persistent Coughing: Chronic coughing, often due to conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, or smoking-related lung disease, repeatedly contracts the abdominal muscles. This ongoing pressure can gradually weaken the muscle wall, making hernias more likely to develop.
Straining During Bowel Movements: Women who experience chronic constipation often strain while passing stool. This repeated pushing increases intra-abdominal pressure, especially in the lower abdomen and groin area, contributing to the formation of hernias such as femoral or inguinal hernias.
Previous Abdominal Surgery
Weakened Tissue Along Surgical Scars: Any abdominal surgery, such as a hysterectomy, fibroid removal, or gallbladder surgery, involves cutting through muscle layers. Even after healing, these areas may not regain full strength, making them more prone to herniation.
Incisional Hernias: Hernias that develop at or near previous surgical scars are called incisional hernias. The risk is higher if the wound was slow to heal, became infected, or if repeated strain was placed on the area before it had fully recovered.
Weight Changes and Abdominal Pressure
Excess Body Weight and Strain on Muscles: Carrying extra weight increases pressure on the abdominal muscles. Over time, this continuous strain can weaken muscle tissue, making herniation more likely. Women with obesity are more prone to umbilical and incisional hernias.
Rapid Weight Loss and Reduced Muscle Support: A sudden loss of weight—whether due to illness, surgery, or extreme dieting—can lead to a loss of supportive fat and muscle mass. If the abdominal wall loses structural support faster than it can adapt, weak areas may develop where a hernia can form.
Symptoms of Hernias in Women
Hernia symptoms in women may differ from those in men. While men often develop a visible bulge, women may experience discomfort without an obvious lump, making the diagnosis more challenging.
Pain or Discomfort in the Lower Abdomen or Pelvis
Dull or Aching Sensation: Some women experience a persistent or intermittent ache in the lower abdomen or groin. This discomfort may worsen with standing for long periods, physical activity, or lifting.
Pain Extending to the Hip or Thigh: Hernias, particularly those in the groin (inguinal or femoral hernias), can cause pain that radiates beyond the abdomen. This may lead to misdiagnosis as muscle strain, hip issues, or gynaecological conditions.
Pressure or Heaviness in the Abdomen
Feeling of Fullness or Dragging: Many women describe a sensation of pressure or heaviness in the lower abdomen. This can feel like a pulling or dragging sensation, even in the absence of a visible bulge.
Increased Discomfort with Activity: The sensation often worsens when bending, coughing, lifting, or exercising. Symptoms may improve when lying down but return during movement.
Visible or Palpable Lump
Soft Swelling That Changes in Size: In some cases, a hernia may cause a small lump that becomes more noticeable when standing or straining. The swelling may shrink or disappear when lying down but reappear with physical activity.
Lump That Becomes Firm or Painful: If the hernia becomes trapped (incarcerated) and does not retract, it can cause increasing pain and may require urgent medical attention.
Digestive Discomfort (for Abdominal Hernias)
Bloating, Nausea, or Mild Indigestion: Some hernias press against the intestines, affecting digestion. Women may experience bloating, nausea, or discomfort after meals.
Changes in Bowel Habits: In some cases, hernias contribute to constipation or intermittent bowel obstruction. If bowel movements become irregular or accompanied by severe pain, medical evaluation is recommended.
Conclusion
Hernias in women may not always present with an obvious lump, making them more difficult to identify. Some women experience persistent discomfort, a sensation of pressure, or pain that radiates to the hip or thigh. Pregnancy, chronic straining, previous surgery, and weight changes are common contributing factors. Recognising symptoms early allows for timely medical evaluation.
If you have ongoing discomfort or suspect a hernia, schedule a consultation today to discuss your symptoms and possible treatment options.
