Colon Cancer: A Patient’s Guide
Colon cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the large intestine, specifically in the colon. This form of cancer poses a serious health risk because it can spread to other parts of the body if not treated early. Recognising the risk factors, symptoms, and available treatments is necessary for early detection and effective management. This guide provides a comprehensive overview to help readers make informed health decisions and encourage proactive steps toward early diagnosis and treatment.
Risk Factors for Colon Cancer
Age
Colon cancer is more common in individuals over the age of 50, though it can occur at younger ages. Ageing increases the likelihood of cellular mutations, which can lead to cancer development.
Family History
Having a close family member with colon cancer (such as a parent or sibling) can increase one’s risk due to shared genetics and environmental factors. Even a history of other cancers in the family may elevate risk, as certain genetic mutations predispose individuals to multiple types of cancer.
Genetic Predisposition
Some inherited conditions, such as Lynch syndrome or familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), are known to increase the risk of colon cancer significantly.
Lifestyle Factors
Diets high in red or processed meats, low fibre intake, and lifestyle habits like smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and physical inactivity have all been linked to an increased risk of colon cancer.
Other Medical Conditions
Chronic inflammatory bowel conditions, such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, increase the risk of cancerous changes in the colon over time. Prolonged inflammation can lead to cellular changes that raise the likelihood of developing cancer.
Symptoms of Colon Cancer
Changes in Bowel Habits
Persistent diarrhoea, constipation, or an ongoing feeling of incomplete bowel emptying are common symptoms of colon cancer. If these changes last several days or become routine, they should be investigated further.
Blood in Stool
Blood may appear in stools as dark or bright red and could signal bleeding within the digestive tract. This symptom is particularly concerning when it occurs frequently or is accompanied by other digestive changes.
Abdominal Pain or Discomfort
Cramping, bloating, gas, or general discomfort in the abdomen, especially if persistent, may indicate colon abnormalities. While many common conditions cause these symptoms, prolonged or severe pain requires medical attention to rule out serious causes.
Unexplained Weight Loss
Losing weight without any clear reason (such as changes in diet or exercise) could indicate a health issue, including colon cancer. This symptom often occurs when the body is affected by disease, as it diverts energy and resources, leading to weight loss.
Fatigue
Ongoing fatigue may result from anaemia, often due to slow, chronic blood loss in the stool. This tiredness can become more severe as the disease progresses, affecting daily activities and overall quality of life.
Types of Colon Cancer
Colon cancer can be classified into several types, each differing in origin and response to treatment. These variations affect growth patterns and influence treatment approaches.
Adenocarcinoma
The most common type of colon cancer, adenocarcinoma, originates in the glandular cells lining the colon. The majority of colon cancers fall under this category.
Carcinoid Tumors
These rare tumours develop from hormone-producing cells in the colon. Carcinoid tumours typically grow slowly and may remain undetected until they reach a more advanced stage.
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs)
GISTs arise from specific cells in the digestive tract and are rare in the colon. They can vary in growth behaviour and may either stay localised or spread to other parts of the body.
Lymphoma
Lymphoma in the colon begins in immune cells and is uncommon. It often presents at later stages with symptoms similar to other types of colon cancer.
Screening and Diagnosis Options
Colonoscopy
Colonoscopy is the primary method for screening and diagnosing colon cancer. During the procedure, a flexible tube with a camera is used to view the colon’s inner lining and identify any abnormal growths. If necessary, tissue samples (biopsies) can be collected and analysed, making this a comprehensive diagnostic tool.
Stool Tests
Tests such as the faecal immunochemical test (FIT) detect hidden blood in the stool, which may indicate polyps (small growths) or cancer. These tests are non-invasive and can be done at home, offering a convenient screening option for those at average risk.
CT Colonography
Also called virtual colonoscopy, this imaging test uses computed tomography (CT) to create images of the colon and rectum, allowing doctors to examine the colon without invasive tools. It is typically recommended for those unable to undergo a traditional colonoscopy.
If any abnormalities are found during initial screening, further diagnostic procedures, such as a biopsy, can confirm whether cancer is present. Additional imaging tests, including MRI and PET scans, help determine the extent of cancer, which is necessary for treatment planning.
Treatment Options for Colon Cancer
Treatment options for colon cancer are determined by the stage of the cancer and the individual’s overall health. A combination of therapies may be used to address the cancer effectively. Common treatments include:
Colectomy
This procedure involves removing a portion or all of the colon that contains the cancer. It can be done through open surgery or minimally invasive (laparoscopic) techniques, with the latter allowing for faster recovery and smaller incisions.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy involves using drugs to destroy cancer cells, often recommended for advanced cases or as follow-up treatment after surgery to reduce recurrence risks. While chemotherapy is effective, it may lead to side effects such as nausea and fatigue, which can be managed with supportive care.
Radiation Therapy
This treatment uses high-energy rays to target cancer cells. Although less commonly used for colon cancer, radiation therapy may be applied in specific cases, particularly to shrink tumours in preparation for surgery.
Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy
These therapies are primarily for advanced or metastatic colon cancer. Targeted therapy drugs attack specific molecules within cancer cells, while immunotherapy helps the body’s immune system recognise and destroy cancer cells. They offer additional treatment options when other methods are less effective.
Living with Colon Cancer
Living with colon cancer involves coping with treatment effects and adjusting to lifestyle changes. Common side effects, such as fatigue and digestive changes, may require lifestyle adaptations. A balanced diet, regular physical activity, and mental health support, such as counselling or support groups, can improve quality of life. Regular follow-up appointments are necessary to monitor health and address ongoing symptoms or concerns.
Preventive Measures and Lifestyle Modifications
While not all cases of colon cancer are preventable, adopting healthy lifestyle habits may reduce the risk. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains with a limited intake of red and processed meats supports colon health. Regular exercise, avoiding smoking, and limiting alcohol intake are also beneficial. Regular screenings are advised for individuals over 50 or those with a family history of colon cancer.
Conclusion
Colon cancer is a serious condition that benefits from early detection, prompt treatment, and ongoing management. Recognising your risk factors and symptoms, and staying informed about screening options can significantly impact outcomes. Maintaining a proactive approach through lifestyle modifications and regular check-ups can also help in prevention and early intervention.
If you are at risk or experiencing symptoms, schedule an appointment today to discuss screening and prevention strategies tailored to you.