Stomach Inflammation: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

Gastritis, commonly known as stomach inflammation, refers to irritation or swelling of the stomach lining. It can occur suddenly or develop gradually over time, with symptoms ranging from mild discomfort to severe complications. Stomach inflammation can interfere with digestion and overall well-being if left untreated. Whether caused by lifestyle habits, infections, or medical conditions, timely treatment helps prevent further complications. This article offers a detailed overview of its symptoms, causes, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies.

What Is Stomach Inflammation?

Gastritis is a condition characterised by inflammation of the stomach lining, which can be temporary or long-term. It is typically divided into two categories:

Acute Gastritis: This form occurs suddenly, often due to irritants such as certain medications, alcohol, or infections. While symptoms are usually short-lived, some cases may require prompt treatment.

Chronic Gastritis: This type develops gradually over time and may persist for months or years. It is commonly linked to persistent factors, such as Helicobacter pylori infection or autoimmune conditions.

Common Symptoms of Stomach Inflammation

Stomach inflammation can cause a variety of symptoms, ranging from mild to severe. Certain signs may indicate the need for immediate medical attention.

Abdominal Pain or Discomfort: Pain is typically concentrated in the upper abdomen and may feel dull or burning.

Bloating: A sense of fullness or swelling in the stomach, even after eating a small amount.

Nausea and Vomiting: These symptoms often accompany gastritis, particularly when linked to dietary habits, alcohol use, or medications.

Loss of Appetite: Reduced desire to eat may occur, and in prolonged cases, this can lead to unintended weight loss.

Heartburn and Indigestion: Irritation of the stomach lining can result in a burning sensation in the chest or difficulty digesting food properly.

Severe Symptoms: Symptoms such as vomiting blood, black or tarry stools, or intense abdominal pain may indicate complications like bleeding ulcers and require immediate medical evaluation.

What Causes Stomach Inflammation?

Various factors can lead to irritation and inflammation of the stomach lining. These include:

Lifestyle Factors: Regular use of alcohol, smoking, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin or ibuprofen, can damage the stomach lining and cause inflammation.

Infections: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bacteria commonly responsible for chronic gastritis and ulcers. It settles in the stomach lining, disrupting its protective layer and causing ongoing irritation and inflammation.

Medical Conditions: Autoimmune disorders, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the stomach lining, and bile reflux, where digestive fluids flow back into the stomach, can lead to chronic inflammation.

Dietary Triggers: Spicy, acidic, or fatty foods can exacerbate irritation, particularly in individuals with sensitive stomachs or existing inflammation.

How Is Stomach Inflammation Diagnosed?

Diagnosing gastritis involves gathering a detailed patient history, performing a physical examination, and using diagnostic tools to confirm the condition.

Medical History and Symptom Review

Doctors ask about symptoms such as pain, nausea, or bloating and assess lifestyle factors like dietary habits, alcohol use, and smoking. A history of medication use, particularly NSAIDs, is explored alongside any underlying conditions like autoimmune diseases or past infections. This information helps narrow down potential causes.

Physical Examination

During the physical exam, the doctor palpates the abdomen to locate areas of tenderness, swelling, or discomfort. Observing for signs like abdominal distension helps evaluate the extent of the problem. While this examination alone cannot confirm gastritis, it provides valuable clues for further testing.

Diagnostic Tests

Endoscopy: A thin, flexible camera is used to visually inspect the stomach lining for signs of redness, swelling, or ulcers. During this procedure, the doctor may also collect small tissue samples (biopsies) to check for inflammation or rule out more serious issues like stomach cancer.

H. pylori Testing: Blood, stool, or breath tests are conducted to detect Helicobacter pylori, a common bacterial cause of chronic gastritis. The breath test involves ingesting a special substance that reacts with H. pylori, allowing the analysis of exhaled air for bacterial markers.

Biopsy Analysis: Tissue samples obtained during an endoscopy are examined under a microscope to confirm the presence of inflammation and identify any abnormalities or serious conditions.

Blood and Stool Tests: These tests help detect signs of infection, inflammation, or anaemia, which may result from chronic bleeding linked to severe gastritis or ulcers.

Treatment Options for Stomach Inflammation

Treatment focuses on alleviating symptoms, addressing underlying causes, and preventing complications.

Lifestyle Adjustments

Making changes to daily habits can reduce symptoms and promote healing. Avoiding alcohol, smoking, and NSAIDs minimises further irritation of the stomach lining. Eating smaller, more frequent meals and avoiding trigger foods like spicy, fatty, or acidic items may help. Incorporating nutrient-rich foods and staying hydrated supports overall digestive health.

Medications

Doctors may prescribe medications to manage symptoms and address specific causes. Antacids neutralise stomach acid, providing quick relief, while proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and H2 receptor blockers reduce acid production to promote healing. For H. pylori infections, antibiotics are prescribed to eradicate the bacteria. Protective agents such as sucralfate may also be recommended to shield the stomach lining.

Medical Procedures for Severe Cases

In severe cases, medical procedures may be necessary. Endoscopic treatments can cauterise bleeding ulcers or remove damaged tissue. For complications unresponsive to standard treatments, surgery may be considered to repair or remove affected portions of the stomach.

Tips to Prevent Stomach Inflammation

To reduce the risk of gastritis, adopt long-term habits that protect stomach health, such as moderating alcohol intake, avoiding smoking, and consulting a doctor for safe NSAID use. Prioritise a fibre-rich diet, maintain hydration, and manage portion sizes to support overall digestive balance. For those with a personal or family history of stomach issues, regular medical screenings can help identify and manage potential problems before complications arise.

Conclusion

Stomach inflammation, or gastritis, can present in various forms, from mild symptoms to severe complications. Identifying its signs early and seeking medical evaluation allows for effective management. With appropriate treatment and preventative measures, you can relieve symptoms and reduce the chances of recurrence.

If you experience persistent abdominal discomfort, nausea, or changes in appetite, schedule a consultation to identify the cause and explore appropriate treatment options.